New Breastfeeding Research: More Baby Protections

We have long known that vagi­nal birth and breast­feed­ing are key fac­tors in the devel­op­ment of a healthy immune sys­tem in infants. Pass­ing through the vagina exposes the baby to an array of bac­te­ria that help stim­u­late its unchal­lenged immune sys­tem. Breast-fed babies receive anti-bodies, pro­teins and other mol­e­cules that pro­tect it from infec­tion and teach the immune sys­tem to defend the infant.

Breast­feed­ing is key for long-term health.

Recent research at UC Davis has shown that a strain of the bifido bac­te­ria — acquired from the mother — thrives on com­plex sug­ars (largely lac­tose) that were pre­vi­ously thought to be indi­gestible. The bac­terium coats the lin­ing of the imma­ture diges­tive tract and pro­tects it from nox­ious bacteria.

This com­bi­na­tion of inter­ac­tions affects the com­po­si­tion of bac­te­ria in the infant gut as it matures. Another exam­ple of how evo­lu­tion has “invented” the per­fect nutri­tion for infants, this research con­tributes to the notion that evo­lu­tion has selected for many genes that serve nor­mal birth and breast­feed­ing by pro­tect­ing the new­born. Inter­ven­ing with the nor­mal pro­gres­sion of birth and breast­feed­ing — while occa­sion­ally nec­es­sary — inter­rupts these ben­e­fi­cial adap­ta­tions and con­tributes to aller­gies and autoim­mune disorders.

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Pregnancy Pathway, Pregnancy — Maternal Immunological Response

Today: Mater­nal Immuno­log­i­cal Response…or…the Mother/Fetus Dance!

Maternal Immune Response During Pregnancy

Mater­nal Immune Response Dur­ing Pregnancy

Back to work! Thank you for your fore­bear­ance while we wrote a chap­ter for a nurs­ing textbook!

Dur­ing the course of preg­nancy, the mother/fetus dance is ongo­ing. The mater­nal immune sys­tem and the tro­phoblast cells con­tinue to influ­ence each other even beyond the implantation.

Because the mother’s immune response mod­u­lates near the start of each trimester, the fetus is affected to some degree and mounts a response, as well. For a long time it was thought that mater­nal and fetal DNA mate­r­ial was not exchanged across the pla­cen­tal mem­brane, how­ever recent find­ings indi­cate that there is some exchange of mate­r­ial. Thus, we all carry some por­tion of our mother’s DNA and our mother car­ries some of ours.

What is the impact of this chimeric effect? It depends on how well our DNA gets along!

How does this affect the fetus in utero? The fetus may be affected by clot­ting issues. Depend­ing on mater­nal health sta­tus s/he may be sub­ject to a stronger or weaker immune system.

How does this affect the mother? Women are more likely than men to develop autoim­mune dis­or­ders (preg­nancy play­ing a role here), and those who bear male off­spring are more likely than those who only have girls to have these disorders.

The maternal/fetal dance goes on.…

Be Prepared for Birth!

Be Pre­pared for Birth!

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Pregnancy Pathway, Conception — Prior Sperm Exposure

Today:  Sperm!!!

For com­plete graphic, see Feb. 5 or 23 post.

The mother's prior sperm exposure can affect her pregnancy.

The mother’s prior sperm expo­sure can affect her pregnancy.

Not every sperm is your friend! Sperm expo­sure — like so many expo­sures — affects our immune sys­tem. Women who have babies with more than one father may be at risk for dis­or­ders of preg­nancy because the chal­lenges to their immune sys­tem have been exten­sive. And, very young women who become preg­nant are at increased risk of some dis­or­ders because they have had very lit­tle expo­sure to sperm.

In addi­tion, women who have pri­mar­ily and exten­sively used bar­rier meth­ods of con­tra­cep­tion may be at risk for dis­or­ders for rea­sons sim­i­lar to young women with lit­tle expo­sure. Unlike women whose immune sys­tem has had too much chal­lenge due to preg­nan­cies by sev­eral men, women with lit­tle expo­sure may not have a strong defense against for­eign DNA. Please do not take this as a rea­son to not use a con­dom — one of the bar­rier meth­ods along with a diaphragm and cer­vi­cal cap. Rather, if you use a bar­rier method of con­tra­cep­tion, keep in mind that your body’s adjust­ment to preg­nancy may take time.

For more infor­ma­tion on bar­rier meth­ods, to go the Amer­i­can Col­lege of Obste­tri­cians and Gyne­col­o­gists’ online pam­phlet: ACOG Pam­phlet on Bar­rier Con­tracetp­tion.

Another way sperm can affect the preg­nancy is that the com­bi­na­tion of the mother’s and father’s nat­ural immune responses may be strong against the tro­phoblast implan­ta­tion. This is not some­thing  you can know ahead of time. Also, women are eight times more likely than men to develop autoim­mune dis­or­ders. One rea­son may be the pre­na­tal expo­sure to for­eign DNA encoun­tered in pregnancy.

Keep in mind that by get­ting good pre­na­tal care, exer­cise, suf­fi­cient rest, stress man­ag­ment and healthy nutri­tion, you do all within your power to have a healthy preg­nancy. Your health care provider will deter­mine your risk fac­tors that may affect preg­nancy out­come and treat you in an appro­pri­ate manner.

Moms and babies enjoy exercise together!

Moms and babies enjoy exer­cise together!

Once your baby comes, there will be time to max­i­mize health for both of you. Exer­cis­ing together is great fun!

Get­ting there may require some patience, but the reward is well worth it.

When you are look­ing around for sperm, use your head. The same behav­ior that pro­tects you from infec­tions you never want to get, pro­tects you from sperm you don’t really want to meet. When the time comes to adopt some sperm, find out about it’s credentials!

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Pregnancy Pathway, Preconditions — Environment

Please refer to Feb­ru­ary 5 entry for entire graphic. Today: Envi­ron­men­tal Pre­con­di­tions to Preg­nancy.
bubblus_preconditions-environment
Our envi­ron­ment is with us all the time. Even if we think we are pre­vent­ing or con­trol­ling envi­ron­men­tal fac­tors that impinge on our bod­ies and minds, they are lurk­ing here, there, every­where, and they are myr­iad. Our envi­ron­men­tal influ­ences are every­thing from the air we breathe to the per­sons who raise or teach us, from the food avail­able to our hous­ing, from our job stresses to cul­tural forces or even the weather in our part of the world. These things help shape who we are phys­i­cally and men­tally, over the long term and from moment to moment.

08-4Are you pre­pared to become a par­ent? One way to tell is to look at your environment…is it healthy? Are you liv­ing in a sit­u­a­tion that you can count on? What about clean air, safe paint or safe food? What about water? What about peo­ple around you? Are they sup­port­ive? Does your envi­ron­ment help you stay healthy?

What about your body? Fac­tors in the envi­ron­ment that affect fer­til­ity (or lack of it) may deter­mine if  you can even become preg­nant, or when you can become preg­nant. Think about this:  Women who work together often cycle together. What if you work alone, say at home…does this affect your ovu­la­tion? One fac­tor iden­ti­fied in the low­er­ing age of men­stru­a­tion in girls is the increas­ing num­ber of hor­mones in var­i­ous meats. Another fac­tor is the pres­ence of non-biologically related older males in the house­hold. If these things are known, imag­ine what is not known about sit­u­a­tions, chem­i­cals or peo­ple in our envi­ron­ment that affect our reproduction!

There is not an absolute sep­a­ra­tion of genet­ics, envi­ron­ment and behav­ior. If we are genet­i­cally pre­dis­posed to cer­tain dis­or­ders, for exam­ple, we may or may not develop them, depend­ing on envi­ron­ment. Some per­sons are inclined toward autoim­mune dis­or­ders, but they may do well or poorly depend­ing on the air pol­lu­tion where they live. Some indi­vid­u­als may develop immune dis­or­ders. And, this sit­u­a­tion may adversely impact inflam­ma­tory responses dur­ing implantation.

Peo­ple who strive to take care of them­selves even if they live in hor­ri­ble con­di­tions can use their behav­ior to improve their chances for suc­cess in every­thing from a healthy preg­nancy to a mean­ing­ful exis­tence. Even if genet­ics and the envi­ron­ment are against the process, behav­ior can some­times over­come the odds. Granted, it’s not likely you can pro­duce 6’5″ off­spring (see last post on genet­ics!) if the egg per­son is 5’2″ and the sperm per­son is 5’7″, but much is pos­si­ble beyond that.

So, what do you do about your envi­ron­ment if you are think­ing about becom­ing preg­nant? Take stock. Ask your­self what, if any­thing, might have to change. Ask what you can or can’t accept for your off­spring, if you know there are envi­ron­men­tal fac­tors that aren’t per­fect. Fetuses are amaz­ing crea­tures; the pla­cen­tas that sup­ply and defend them are ruth­less and will pro­tect a fetus at all costs. But, you can give your body and poten­tial baby a good chance to do well by pro­vid­ing a six month span of a healthy envi­ron­ment lead­ing up to con­cep­tion. And, healthy for mind as well as body.

When your baby comes into the world, a door opens in your heart to a room you didn’t even know was there. In that room is a cer­tain kind of love and car­ing that can­not be described. It is love for this being who is and isn’t you. As a mother, you have been her/his envi­ron­ment for nine months or how­ever long you have shared. The womb is a small, pro­tected, orga­nized envi­ron­ment, one that reflects your larger envi­ron­ment. So, take stock now, ahead of time.

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Pregnancy Pathway, Preconditions

Please refer to Feb­ru­ary 5 entry for com­plete graphic. Today we turn to the ques­tion of pre­con­di­tions to preg­nancy and how they might affect mater­nal and off­spring health.

Preconditions

Pre­con­di­tions

Pre-existing fac­tors that can influ­ence health out­comes include genetic fac­tors (fam­ily risk for heart dis­ease, for exam­ple), envi­ron­men­tal fac­tors (liv­ing in a build­ing with mold, for exam­ple), and behav­ior (eat­ing well and exer­cis­ing, for exam­ple). In each cat­e­gory, fac­tors will con­tribute to the health of the mother and even­tu­ally to off­spring health.

It is impor­tant to under­stand what major genetic fac­tors may affect your off­spring and whether the envi­ron­ment or behav­ior can help off­set neg­a­tive fac­tors. For exam­ple, there may be a his­tory of preeclamp­sia dur­ing preg­nancy in your fam­ily, but vig­or­ous aer­o­bic exer­cise in the six months prior to preg­nancy pro­vides a high degree of pro­tec­tion from this risk. Preeclamp­sia puts both mother and off­spring at risk for complications.

Other genetic fac­tors that may be of con­se­quence include autoim­mune dis­or­ders, aller­gies, and meta­bolic syn­dromes. For exam­ple, so-called “thrifty genes” may pre­dis­pose you to a high weight gain in preg­nancy. But, you may be able to off­set health prob­lems asso­ci­ated with this by stay­ing active and eat­ing well.

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